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Issue:
Vol. 2 No. 3 (2026)
Section:
Review articles
DOI:
10.65154/ijmst.57
Date Published:
30/09/2026
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How to Cite
Xuan The, T., Do, T., & Quoc Dong, H. (2026). Smart Port Technologies: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 2(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.65154/ijmst.57
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Smart Port Technologies: A Scoping Review
Main Article Content
Abstract
The maritime industry is undergoing a profound digital transformation, with smart ports emerging as critical nodes in global supply chains. This comprehensive literature review synthesizes current research on key enabling technologies for smart ports, including Digital Twins, Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), Computer Vision, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), automation systems, and cybersecurity frameworks. This review identifies major technological trends, applications, benefits, challenges, and future research directions. The findings reveal that smart port technologies cluster around five core pillars: (1) Digital Twin, (2) Blockchain and Distributed Ledger, (3) Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics, (4) IoT, 5G, and Connectivity Infrastructure, (5) Computer Vision, UAVs, and Sensing for Smart Ports, and (6) Automation, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems. Cross-cutting themes emphasize the need for interoperability standards, human-centric research, and empirical deployment evaluations. Research gaps include limited empirical studies of real-world implementations, insufficient attention to workforce impacts, and lack of standardized frameworks for technology integration. This review provides a comprehensive foundation for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working toward the realization of fully autonomous, sustainable, and efficient smart ports
Keywords
Artificial intelligence, blockchain, cybersecurity, digital twin, industry 4.0, IoT, maritime logistics, smart port, sustainability, port automation
Article Details
References
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[66] A. Othman, S. El-gazzar, and M. Knez, “A Framework for adopting a sustainable smart sea port index,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 4551, 2022.
[67] E. Haezendonck, “Port strategy for sustainable development: circularization and value creation—introduction to a special issue,” Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 23, pp. 9914, 2020.
[2] A. Karas, “Smart port as a key to the future development of modern ports,” The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 27–31, 2020.
[3] H. A. Al-Fatlawi and H. Jassim Motlak, “Smart ports: Towards a high performance, increased productivity, and a better environment,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 1472, 2023.
[4] M. Jovic et al., “Digitalization in maritime transport and seaports: bibliometric, content and thematic analysis,” Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 486, 2022.
[5] N. Kastelan et al., “Digital horizon: assessing current status of digitalization in maritime industry,” Transactions on Maritime Science, vol. 13, no. 1, 2024.
[6] G. Aerts and G. Mathys, “Discovering trends in the digitalization of shipping: an exploratory study into trends using natural language processing,” Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 618, 2024.
[7] Y. Du et al., “Special issue on ‘Smart port and shipping operations,” Maritime Policy & Management, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 413–414, 2023.
[8] H. Min, “Developing a smart port architecture and essential elements in the era of Industry 4.0,” Maritime Economics & Logistics, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 189–207, 2022.
[9] A. Nurrosyidah and A. F. Rachmannullah, “A TOGAF–based framework for the enterprise architecture development of smart digital port: a case of container port in indonesia,” Journal of Manufacturing and Enterprise Information System, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1–7, 2024.
[10] B. Lu and X. Xu, “Digital transformation and port operations: Optimal investment under incomplete information,” Transport Policy, vol. 151, pp. 134–146, 2024.
[11] R. Klar, A. Fredriksson, and V. Angelakis, “Digital twins for ports: derived from smart city and supply chain twinning experience,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 71777–71799, 2023.
[12] K. Wang et al., “Multi–aspect applications and development challenges of digital twin–driven management in global smart ports,” Case Studies on Transport Policy, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1298–1312, 2021.
[13] Y. Ding et al., “Real–time monitoring and optimal resource allocation for automated container terminals: a digital twin application at the Yangshan port,” Journal of Advanced Transportation, vol. 2023, pp. 1–12, 2023.
[14] J.-O. Eom et al., “Port digital twin development for decarbonization: a case study using the Pusan newport international terminal,” Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 1777, 2023.
[15] Y. Li, et al. “Automated container terminal production operation and optimization via an adaboost–based digital twin framework,” Journal of Advanced Transportation, vol. 2021, pp. 1–16, 2021.
[16] K. Wang et al., “Digital twin–driven safety management and decision support approach for port operations and logistics,” Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 11, pp. 1455522, 2024.
[17] D. Abril, C. D. Paternina-Arboleda, and J. Velasquez-Bermudez, “An integrated event–driven real–time tactical–operational optimization framework for smart port operations planning,” Logistics, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 65, 2024.
[18] G.-Y. Gan, H.-S. Lee, and J.-Y. Liu, “A DEA approach towards to the evaluation of iot applications in intelligent ports,” Journal of Marine Science and Technology, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 257–267, 2021.
[19] T. Milosevic et al., “The port environmental index: a quantitative IoT–based tool for assessing the environmental performance of ports,” Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 1969, 2023.
[20] H. Lee, I. Chatterjee, and G. Cho, “AI–powered intelligent seaport mobility: enhancing container drayage efficiency through computer vision and deep learning,” Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 22, pp. 12214, 2023.
[21] M. Abu Ghazaleh, “Smartening up ports digitalization with artificial intelligence: a study of artificial intelligence business drivers of smart port digitalization,” Management and Economics Review, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 78–97, 2023.
[22] Safuan and A. Syafira, “Artificial intelligence in indonesian ports: opportunities and challenges,” Transactions on Maritime Science, vol. 13, no. 2, 2024.
[23] N. Tsolakis et al., “Towards AI driven environmental sustainability: An application of automated logistics in container port terminals,” International Journal of Production Research, vol. 60, no. 14, pp. 4508–4528, 2022.
[24] I. Durlik et al., “Harnessing AI for sustainable shipping and green ports: challenges and opportunities,” Applied Sciences, vol. 14, no. 14, pp. 5994, 2024.
[25] R. W. Ahmad et al, “Blockchain applications and architectures for port operations and logistics management,” Research in Transportation Business & Management, vol. 41, pp. 100620, 2021.
[26] C. A. Duran et al., “Boosting the decision–making in smart ports by using blockchain,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 128055–128068, 2021.
[27] P. S. Sangeerth and K. V. Lakshmy, “Blockchain based smart contracts in automation of shipping ports,” Proc. of 2021 6th IEEE International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT), pp. 1248–1253, 2021.
[28] I. Argyriou and T. Tsoutsos, “Assessing critical entities: risk management for IoT devices in ports,” Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 1593, 2024.
[29] W. Sankla and T. Muangpan, “Smart and sustainable port performance in Thailand: a conceptual model,” Journal of Sustainable Development, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1, 2022.
[30] O. B. Inal and C. Dere, “An approach to green ports in terms of low–carbon energy and sustainability,” International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 43–49, 2024.
[31] E. Valioniene, E. Zuperkiene, and B. Placiene, “Acceleration of green transitions on the base of port organizational ecosystem,” Applied Sciences, vol. 14, no. 21, pp. 9948, 2024.
[32] I. Kurt and M. Aymelek, “Operational adaptation of ports with maritime autonomous surface ships,” Transport Policy, vol. 145, pp. 1–10, 2024.
[33] M. Riyadh, “Transforming the shipping industry with autonomous ships and artificial intelligence,” Journal of Maritime Technology and Society, pp. 16–21, 2024.
[34] T. Olamide Ogundare et al., “The economic and regulatory challenges of implementing digital twins and autonomous vessels in U.S. maritime fleet modernization,” International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, pp. 5–32, 2024.
[35] A. Kiritsi, V. Adamantidis, and T. Stamatellos, “Analysis of evolving technologies and impact of smart shipping on the future workforce in the maritime industry,” International Journal of Management, Knowledge and Learning, vol. 13, 2024.
[36] M. Heikkilä, J. Saarni, and A. Saurama, “Innovation in smart ports: future directions of digitalization in container ports,” Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 1925, 2022.
[37] Y. Autsadee et al., “NON–digital factors as a prerequisite for the implementation of seaport digitalization through bibliometric analysis,” Journal of Maritime Logistics, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 59–73, 2023.
[38] N. Kapkaeva et al., “Digital platform for maritime port ecosystem: port of hamburg case,” Transportation Research Procedia, vol. 54, pp. 909–917, 2021.
[39] PP. S. A. Ferreira, “Developing a roadmap for implementing digital transformation to improve the resilience of port operations,” International Journal of Scientific Management and Tourism, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. e888, 2024.
[40] M. Sadiq et al., “Toward next–generation smart ports: a case study on seaport microgrids customized for islands,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 7681–7692, 2024.
[41] H. P. Nguyen, N. D. K. Pham, and V. D. Bui, “Technical–environmental assessment of energy management systems in smart ports,” International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 889–901, 2022.
[42] M. E. Vaca-Recalde et al., “Connected and intelligent framework for vehicle automation in smart–ports,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 120347–120361, 2024.
[43] Z. Su et al., “Critical success factors for green port transformation using digital technology,” Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 2128, 2024.
[44] S. Nasih, S. A. Sara Arezki, and T. Gadi, “Blockchain Technology for tracking and tracing containers: Model and conception,” Data and Metadata, vol. 3, pp. 373, 2024.
[45] S. Nguyen et al., “Blockchain–powered incentive system for jit arrival operations and decarbonization in maritime shipping,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 22, pp. 15686, 2023.
[46] S. Tsiulin et al., “Blockchain–based applications in shipping and port management: A literature review towards defining key conceptual frameworks,” Review of International Business and Strategy, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 201–224, 2020.
[47] D. K. Boison and A. Antwi-Boampong, “Blockchain ready port supply chain using distributed ledger,” Nordic and Baltic Journal of Information & Communications Technologies, 2020.
[48] J. L. Cacho et al., “Port dada integration: opportunities for optimization and value creation,” Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics, 2021, pp. 1–22.
[49] W. Wang et al., “Smart container port development: Recent technologies and research advances,” Intelligent Transportation Infrastructure, vol. 3, pp. 22, 2024.
[50] M. R. N. Abdillah and M. Wahyuilahi, “Digital twin technology in logistics: a narrative review of implementation, impact, and challenges,” Sinergi International Journal of Logistics, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 225–238, 2024.
[51] M. Karlsson et al., “Digital twins for resource optimization in multi–purpose ports: A design approach for data–driven decision making,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 2867, no. 1, pp. 012055, 2024.
[52] PP. Wang et al., “Intelligent port logistics: A spatiotemporal knowledge graph and AI–agent framework for berth allocation,” Advanced Engineering Informatics, vol. 68, pp. 103633, 2025.
[53] A. Toygar, “Sustainability in the maritime industry: integration of digital twin and autonomous control,” Advances in Logistics, Operations, and Management Science, 2024, pp. 31–49.
[54] J. Neugebauer, L. Heilig, and S. Voß, “Digital twins in the context of seaports and terminal facilities,” Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 821–917, 2024.
[55] G. Marinova and M. Zeneli, “Implementation of IoT for green transformation of a port,” NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - D: Information and Communication Security, PP. Daponte, M. Klósak, and A. Bendarma, Eds., IOS Press, 2024.
[56] Z. Huang and B. Li, “Synergistic development of port economy and smart logistics,” Journal of Statistics and Economics, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 15–19, 2024.
[57] R. Klar, A. Fredriksson, and V. Angelakis, “Assessing the maturity of digital twinning solutions for ports,” Proc. of 2023 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops, pp. 552–557.
[58] R. Abudu and R. Bridgelall, “Autonomous ships: a thematic review,” World, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 276–292, 2024.
[59] R. Klar, A. Fredriksson, and V. Angelakis, “Assessing the maturity of digital twinning solutions for ports,” Proc. of 2023 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, pp. 552–557.
[60] D. Galar and U. Kumar, “Seas of change: steering maritime innovation with digital twins, the metaverse, and robotics,” NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - D: Information and Communication Security, PP. Daponte, M. Klosak, and A. Bendarma, Eds., IOS Press, 2024.
[61] M. V. Clavijo Mesa, C. E. Patino-Rodriguez, and F. J. Guevara Carazas, “Cybersecurity at sea: a literature review of cyber–attack impacts and defenses in maritime supply chains,” Information, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 710, 2024.
[62] A. Haidine et al., “Mapping the applications of vehicular communications in the context of smart maritime ports,” Vehicular Networks - Principles, Enabling Technologies and Modern Applications, 2024.
[63] M. Heikkilä et al., “Navigating the future: developing smart fairways for enhanced maritime safety and efficiency,” Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 324, 2024.
[64] H.-T. Liao, T.-M. Lo, and C.-L. Pan, “Knowledge mapping analysis of intelligent ports: research facing global value chain challenges,” Systems, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 88, 2023.
[65] F. Almeida, “Challenges in the digital transformation of ports,” Businesses, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 548–568, 2023.
[66] A. Othman, S. El-gazzar, and M. Knez, “A Framework for adopting a sustainable smart sea port index,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 4551, 2022.
[67] E. Haezendonck, “Port strategy for sustainable development: circularization and value creation—introduction to a special issue,” Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 23, pp. 9914, 2020.